Junaid Riaz

For most of the twentieth century, organizational change was driven largely by human effort, managerial decisions, and institutional policies. New systems were introduced slowly, and major transformations often took years to take effect. In recent decades, however, a new force has begun to reshape organizations in a more profound way: Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Once confined to universities, research centers, and a small number of advanced technology firms, AI has gradually entered mainstream organizational life. Today, it plays a growing role in how decisions are made, how work is organized, and how services are delivered. While its presence is sometimes subtle,.